After the pump but before the rail ensures that the pump gets a constant and adiquate flow from the tank.
In~tank pump is really, really weak pressure~wise and does nothing more than pull up fuel to feed the main pump, as the main pump itself actually isn't strong enough on suction to pull fuel out of the tank alone. (even though the main pump is lower than the tank itself, once fuel level drops below 1/2 a tank or so of it can't even create enough siphone effect to pull enough to feed the engine)
Having the filter can before the main pump could viably reduce/restrict flow to the main pump enough that you'd have issues related to pressure and/or volume and would definitely create issues regarding the siphone effect if the in~tank pump were not completely up to snuff. The main pump simply could not pull fuel through the filter. (and in turn, if the in~tank pump were failing/failed, the main pump would have to try and pull fuel through that and the filter can. Not gonna happen even on a great day)
With the filter post main pump, it's getting juice shoved through it at up to 43~45psi, (with the potential to go upwards of 60psi if the regulator or return line is restricted), and as such the filter is designed to flow that kind of pressure, which in turn could also imply that it can't flow significantly less pressure (like the probable 2~5psi the in~tank pump represents) worth beans. It might pass fuel through, but at a severely reduced volume.
Our end user logic isn't relevant.
Allowing the mechansim to function as intended and designed is all that matters, because engineers and designers already used thier logic, and equally if not more importantly, calculations, formulas and tests to ensure the system would work as intended if assembled correctly using proper components.
EG: logically the hood should be hinged at the back rather than the front to allow easier maintenance on the belts, pump, dizzy, alternator, air filter, radiator and other sundries at the front of the engine as far more regular work is done there than at the firewall end of the engine bay, but it doesn't because mechanically and as designed the hinge and latch arrangement are part of the front crush zone and the effect would be lost if it were inverted. Another consideration is that the forward hinges prevent the hood from flopping up over the cabin and killing someone should the latch fail while travelling at speed.
Get the filter hooked up correctly before trying anything else.